What are the rules on OPT and unemployment?
The law governing OPT rules and periods of unemployment are found in 8 CFR 214.2(f)(5),(10), (11), and (12) and 247a12(b)(6)(iv) and (v) and SEVP Policy Guidance 0801-01. Below are the key points relating to the OPT rules of unemployment:
- As of April 8, 2008, students granted post-completion OPT can only accrue up to ninety days of unemployment.
- Unemployment of ten days or fewer, when changing jobs, does not need to be reported to OIS and does not count towards the ninety-day total days of unemployment.
- Students whose employers filed timely H-1B petitions and were granted cap-gap coverage are permitted a total of ninety days of unemployment for the entire period of OPT.
- Days spent outside the United States while unemployed count towards the ninety days of permitted unemployment.
- If a student on OPT nears the 90th day of unemployment, it would be best to make plans to depart the United States, apply for a change of status to a different status or make preparations to begin a new degree program. Action needs to be taken early enough so that by the end of the 90th day of unemployment, the student has another option already in progress. DHS has stated that an F-1 student who is unemployed for more than ninety days will be considered to be out of status.
- OIS will not take any adverse action on a student’s SEVIS record regarding unemployment. OIS’s responsibility is to report interruptions in employment that the F-1 student reports to OIS. Failure to report that information or accruing more than ninety days of unemployment may result in DHS’ not approving future benefits or requests.
For students who are not on STEM (master’s degree in science) extensions, this employment may include:
- Paid employment. Students may work part-time (at least 20 hours per week when on post-completion OPT) or full-time.
- Multiple employers. Students may work for more than one employer, but all employment must be related to their degree programs, and, for pre-completion OPT, cannot exceed the allowed per-week, cumulative hours.
- Short-term, multiple employers (performing artists). Students, such as musicians and other performing artists, may work for multiple, short-term employers (gigs). The student should maintain a list of all gigs as well as their dates and duration. If requested by DHS, students must be prepared to provide evidence showing lists of all gigs.
- Work for hire. This is also commonly referred to as 1099 employment in which an individual performs a service based on a contractual relationship rather one based on employment. If requested by DHS, students must be prepared to provide evidence showing the duration of the contractual periods as well as the names and addresses of the contracting companies.
- Self-employed business owner. Students on OPT may start a business and be self-employed. In this situation, the student must work full-time. The student must also be able to prove that he has the proper business licenses and is actively engaged in a business related to his degree program.
- Employment through an agency. Students on post-completion OPTs must be able to provide evidence showing they worked an average of at least twenty hours per week while employed by the agency.
- Unpaid employment. Students may work as volunteers or unpaid interns, but only in jurisdictions where it does not violate any labor laws. The work must be at least twenty hours per week for students on post-completion OPTs.
Can a US citizen spouse legalize an undocumented spouse in the US?
This post I receive from a blog reader today. A US citizen asked me whether she can get a green card for her husband based on their marriage. Her husband crossed the US border without being admitted sometime in 2003. Now that they are married the client wants to legalize her husband.
Based on your facts it appears that your husband is not eligible for legalization under INA Section 245(i) which allows certain immigrants present in the United States on April 21, 2001 with pending employment or family based petition to petition for adjustment of status while in the United States. Based on the current law, your husband needs to process his documents through United States Embassy in Mexico. He needs to seek a waiver for illegal entry and unlawful presence in United States. Once he leaves for Mexico he will be subject to a ten year bar. As a petitioner and his United States citizen spouse you will need to show that you are suffering extreme hardship because your husband is not in the United States. Although Form I0-601 is deceptively easy, preparation of the documents in support of the waiver is usually time consuming, document intensive and definitely requires expertise of an immigration lawyer.
Evita Tolu, Esq.
Stientjes & Tolu LLC
9378 Olive Blvd., Ste. 325
St. Louis, MO 63132
(314) 872-3988 telephone-general number
(314) 872-9556 facsimile
evitatolu@yahoo.com
Criminal defense attorney has a duty to advise immigrant non-citizens of immigration consequences of a guilty plea
On March 31, 2010, the United States Supreme Court in Padilla v. Kentucky, 2010 U.S. Lexis 2928 (March 31, 2010) held that immigrants and non-citizens with criminal convictions which subject them to deportation have a right to competent and affirmative advice regarding the immigration consequences of a guilty plea. The Supreme Court held that absent such advice an immigrant defendant may raise a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel under the Sixth Amendment.
Padilla holding requires criminal defense attorneys working with immigrant and non-citizen clients facing criminal convictions to advise them of immigration consequences of a guilty plea. If you are a foreign national who pleaded guilty to a crime that might subject you to deportation and you were not advised of the immigration consequences of your guilty plea under Padilla holding your guilty plea may be vacated based on ineffective assistance of counsel and your deportation may be terminated. Contact our experienced immigration attorney today for assessment of your criminal case and potential immigration consequences.
Under Padilla criminal defense attorneys owe the following duties of care to their immigrant non-citizen clients:
- Duty to inquire about criminal client’s immigration or citizenship status at the inception of the attorney-client relationship;
- Duty to investigate client’s criminal history and advise immigrant non-citizen client about immigration consequences of a guilty plea;
- Duty to advise of different plea alternatives to avoid harsh immigration consequences; and
- Duty to investigate and advise about immigration consequences of sentencing alternatives.
Under current law deportation is considered to be penal in nature because it is closely intertwined with criminal proceedings. The Supreme Court in Padilla explained that professional standards for defense lawyers provide the guiding principles for what constitutes effective assistance of counsel. The court explained that the Sixth Amendment requires affirmative and competent advice regarding immigration consequences. The Supreme Court made it clear that defense lawyer’s silence regarding immigration consequences of a guilty plea constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel. Where the deportation consequences of a particular plea are unclear or uncertain, a criminal defense attorney must still advise an immigrant or non-citizen client regarding the possibility of adverse immigration consequences.
The Court endorsed “informed consideration” of deportation consequences by both the defense and the prosecution during plea-bargaining. The Court specifically focused on benefits and appropriateness of the defense and the prosecution factoring immigration consequences into plea negotiations in order to craft a conviction and sentence that reduce the likelihood of deportation while promoting the interests of justice.
If you require any assistance to assess immigration consequences of your criminal conviction, please contact our office through contact page or by phone at 314-872-3988.
Employment based green card through PERM
Step-by-Step Procedures for Labor Certification
The procedures for obtaining labor certification were radically changed in 2005, in an effort to streamline and shorten the application process.
1. Employer Requests Prevailing Wage Determination
Under the new procedures, the first step is for the employer to approach the state workforce agency (SWA) serving the state where its office is located. The employer must request what’s called a “prevailing wage determination” (PWD), which will indicate how much is normally paid to people in jobs equivalent to the one being offered. This information is important because the employer must offer the immigrating worker 100% or more of the prevailing wage.
2. Employer Recruits in the U.S.
Next, the employer can begin recruiting for the job in the United States. (Actually, the employer can start recruiting before this, but must make sure to offer a salary that’s at least as high as the prevailing wage.)
The Department of Labor (DOL) regulations spell out strict rules for recruiting. For starters, the employer must announce the job in a statewide computer databank and in newspapers or other journals of general circulation, with ads appearing on two different Sundays. If the application is for a professional, the employer must conduct three additional steps chosen from a list published in the DOL regulations.
3. Employer Files Labor Certification Application Form
If, after the recruiting is done, the employer has not found a qualified, willing, available, and able American to take the job, it can submit the labor certification application to the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL). The application involves completing a ten-page DOL form (ETA-9089), available on the DOL website at www.foreignlaborcert.doleta.gov. No supporting documents need be submitted, though they must be available in case DOL requests them.
The DOL is supposed to make a decision on the labor certification within 45 to 60 days, but often fails to meet this deadline.
Next Step Towards a Green Card
Only after the labor certification is approved can the employer and immigrant proceed forward. First, the employer must file a visa petition on USCIS Form I-140. After the visa petition has been approved, the immigrant must apply for a green card, either through a procedure called adjustment of status (if the immigrant is legally in the U.S.) or consular processing (if the immigrant is overseas). For more information, see How to File a Green Card Application.
Exceptions to Labor Certification Requirement
For workers in the following categories, no labor certification needs to be filed before the worker applies for a green card. These exceptions include:
- workers in what is called the “employment first preference” category, including persons of extraordinary ability in the arts, sciences, education, business, or athletics; outstanding professors and researchers; and managers and executives of multinational companies
- millionaire entrepreneur immigrants (“employment fifth preference”)
- religious workers coming as “special immigrants” (“employment fourth preference”), and
- people whose occupations are listed on “Schedule A,” meaning that the U.S. government recognizes there is a shortage of such workers.
Which Visa B-2 or K-1 is the safest way to happiness in the US?
The K-1 Fiance visa is a very popular visa. This article is a brief overview of K-1 visa requirements.
If you are young, single and applying for a B-2 tourist visa at a U.S. consulate abroad you probably will get a denial based upon section 214(b) of the United States Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). It happens because increasing numbers of applicants seek this visa when in reality a K1 visa would be more appropriate because the applicant has a fiancé, boyfriend or a girlfriend who is a United States Citizen.
If you are one of a lucky ones, who got a B-2 visa, and are on your way to your “happily thereafter in the United States,” do not bring a wedding dress in your suitcase. Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) may put you into summary or expedited removal proceedings upon your entry into the United States. CBP Officers conduct expedited removal proceedings when a foreign national enters the United States on a tourist visa but appears to be an intending immigrant rather than a true tourist. Many couples believe that obtaining the visa is the only obstacle that they must overcome. If you enter as a B-2 tourist and get married within a week of your entry, Department of Homeland Security most likely will place you in removal proceedings when you apply for your green card. The bad news is that a foreign national who is placed in expedited removal proceedings is not entitled to request readmission to the United States for at least 5 years. So, if you have a United States citizen fiancé/fiancée, apply for a K-1 visa instead of a B-2 visa. It is a safe way to avoid expedited removal.
K-1 visa is the right choice for petitioners and beneficiaries who have physically met at least one time. They should have a bona fide intention to marry. If one of the parties has a criminal conviction, do not apply pro se, hire an experienced immigration attorney to address the conviction issues to satisfy the United States Citizenship & Immigration Services. An experienced immigration attorney will prepare your documents and your fiancé for the interview to avoid requests for additional documents, visa delays and Section 221g denials. INA Section 221g denial is a visa refusal which can be corrected with supplemental documentation. Those United States visa applicants, who have received a 221(g) refusal, need to consult a United States Immigration lawyer for advice and assistance in communicating with the United States consulate abroad and submitting required immigration documentation.
Evita Tolu – Immigration Attorney
314-872-3988 telephone
314-872-9556 fax
I have a green card and recently was arrested for shoplifting, will I be deported?
The answer to your question will depend on several things. First, it is important to review the statute under which you were charged. For example,crimes of larceny involve moral turpitude. On the other hand, the Board of Immigration Appeals has held that crimes of theft involve moral turpitude only when a permanent taking is intended. Therefore, it is very important to examine the statute or ordinance under which you were charged to determine the nature of the offense and the elements of the criminal statute.
Second, the general rule is that a lawful permanent resident alien who is convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude within five years of admission is deportable only if he or she is convicted of a crime for which a sentence of one year or longer may be imposed.
If the statute does not prescribe a sentence of one year or longer and you have been a lawful permanent resident for five years, the shoplifting conviction will not jeopardize your green card renewal.
Third, generally (not always) retail theft under a certain amount falls within a petty offense exception. The petty offense exception states that an individual will not be deemed inadmissible for one crime involving moral turpitude if the maximum penalty for the offense does not exceed imprisonment for one year, and if convicted of the crime, the individual was not sentenced to a term of imprisonment of more than six months. Therefore, it is important to review the penalty section of the charging statute or ordinance to determine whether the violation falls within the petty offense exception.
Finally, you should hire an experienced criminal/immigration lawyer to help you out with charges. Avoid pleas to theft or intent based crimes. Request your attorney to ask for substitution of your charges with an entirely different sort of offense if possible.
We routinely represent alien defendants in criminal matters. You can contact our office to discuss your case or ask for our opinion on immigration consequences of your criminal convictions. We often work with criminal attorneys nation-wide advising them during plea negotiations.
This information is general in nature and does not address specifics of your case. The specifics of your case should be discussed with your immigration attorney before any filings are submitted to the USCIS. This information does not create an attorney-client relationship.
Evita Tolu – Immigration Attorney
Stientjes & Tolu LLC
9378 Olive Blvd., Ste. 325
St. Louis, MO 63132
314-872-3988 telephone
314-872-9556 fax
evitatolu@yahoo.com
www.greencardadvocate.com
www.toluimmigration.com